Multimedia | PowerPoint Presentation | How to create PowerPoint Presentation

Multimedia presentations:

Multimedia presentations helps the users to presents information visually an interactive way. 

Multimedia:

Multimedia is a combination of all or some of the  media elements. The elements of multimedia includes text, graphics, audio/video and animation. 

Graphics

Digital representation of non text information such as drawing, photographs, painting and charts etc. are called graphics. 

Sound

A wave or vibration which can be heard by human ears is known as sound. For example, sound of a passing cars, gunshot and applause etc. 

Animation

Animation is a technique used to create movement in objects. For example, cartoon programs and animated movie etc. 

Video

A series of pictures that are displayed one after another along with sound is known as video. For example, movie clips and documentary clips etc. 

Text

Text is a combination of letters and numbers that a user types with a keyboard. 

Creating a PowerPoint presentation

Microsoft PowerPoint is a software that helps a user to create attractive multimedia presentations using different media elements, such as text, graphics, sound, video and animation. When we start PowerPoint, a new blank presentation begins automatically with one slide.

Multimedia presentation

An orderly display information using different media elements such as audio, video, animation, text and graphics is known as multimedia presentations. Multimedia presentations are used to present information to a group of people. It is the most comprehensive way to present information. PowerPoint and Adobe Flash are some examples of multimedia presentations software. 

Slide and slideshow

A single page of presentation created in PowerPoint is called Slide. All the information in the form of media elements such as text, graphics and sound etc. is presented on the slide. created in PowerPoint shown one after another is known as slide show. In the slideshow presentation is shown in full screen mode. In the slide show all the graphics, timing, animated effects and transition effects are shown. 

Opening PowerPoint

• Click start button Point to all programs➡️ Microsoft Office
• 
  
• Click Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2007
• PowerPoint 2007 opens
  
• Click on the title placeholder and My First Presentation.
  
• Now click on the subtitle placeholder and type your name, and section.
• 
  
• Click on new slide button to add few more slides
• 
  
• Now click the slide show button to run the slide show of your presentation or press F5 key on the keyboard
• 
  
• The presentation will run in full screen mode. 
• 
  
• Save it in my MS Documents folder with the same of  "My first presentation".

Blank presentation

When a user start PowerPoint, a new blank presentation begins automatically with one slide. If the user needs to starts another blank presentation, follow these steps. 

Creating blank presentation

• Click office button and select new
• Or press Ctrl+ N.
• The New Presentation dialogue box opens
• Blanks Presentation is selected by default
• Click create button
• A new blank presentation will be created.
  

Template

A template is a file that contains pre-defined setting on which a user can base new presentations. Template are easy to use. They also save much time in beautifying the slides.

There are three types of template

• Installed template- These are provided with the PowerPoint.
• My Template: Template that a user has created and saved.
• Office Online Template- Templates that a user download from Office websites.

Using Installed Template

• Open PowerPoint (a new blank presentation appears)
• Choose office button and click New.
• The new presentation dialogue box opens.
• In the Template list, click installed templates.
• Click a template to see a preview of it.
• Click Create button.
• A new presentation opens based on that selected template.

Themes

A user can open a new presentation using a theme. A theme contains pre-defined setting of fonts, colors and other settings.

Using themes

• Open PowerPoint  (a new blank presentation appears).
• The New Presentation dialogue box opens.
• In the Template list, click Installed Themes
• Click a theme to see a preview of it
• Click a create button.
• A new presentation opens based on the selected theme.

Collecting content for presentation:

Content for presentation can be collected in the form of text, images, audio and video clips. The presenter can search books and internet for the best available material. Suppose a user wants to create a presentation on the famous personality. The user should collect the following material to make an attractive presentation.

• Textual data (birthday, a brief history and quotes etc.)
• Image of the famous personality
• Sound clips from his speeches
• Video clips of famous personality

Adding Background fill effect:

The background of a slide is the area behind the text and graphic. The background color and appearance of the slide can easily be modified with the following effects. 

Gradient fill: A gradual progression of colors and shades usually from one color to another color or from one shade to another shade of the same color.

Texture fill: The feel of a surface or a fabric is called texture. There are different texture available in PowerPoint to set as background. 

Picture fill: A visual representation of an object or scene or person produced on a surface is known as picture. For example, painting, drawings and photographs. etc.

Adding Gradient Fill

• Open PowerPoint (a new blank presentation appears).
• Types the quotation.
• On the design tab, in the background group, click background dialogue box launcher. 
• The format background dialogue box appears.
• Click gradient fill
• Click preset colors and set one preset color style.
• Click apply to all the color of the background of the slide changes. 
• Click close
• The background of the slide changes.

Adding texture fill:

• Open PowerPoint (a new blank presentation appears)
• Type the quotation
• Right click on the background of the slide
• Select the Format Background
• The format background dialogue box opens
• Click Picture or texture fill
• Click Texture button and then select the required texture
• Click Apply to All
• Click Close
  

Adding Picture as Background Fill

• Open PowerPoint ( a new blank presentation)
• Type the Quotation
• Open the format background dialogue box
• Click picture or texture fill
• Click File button to choose a picture
• Set the path of appropriate picture which you want to set as background
• Click Apply to all
• now the picture has been set as background

Slide layout and Placeholders:

Layout refer to the way things are arranged on a slide. A slide layout is a ready-made or pre-defined design of a slide available in Microsoft PowerPoint. All slide layouts contain boxes with dotted borders called placeholders. These boxes hold title and body text or objects such as SmartArt graphic, charts, tables and pictures. 

Using slide layout and placeholders

• Open a new blank PowerPoint Presentation.
• In the Home tab, on the Slide groups, Click Layout
• A menu of layout appears
• Click the desired layout
• In the title placeholder type something
• In the content placeholder, click insert Clip Arts appears
• Click the Click art you want to insert
• The insert clip art appears on the slide
• In the Home tab on the drawing group click shapes
• A menu of shapes appears
• Click the shapes that you want to insert
• Edit the shapes, for example by resizing or moving it as needed
• Save it with the name 
  

Adding animation

A user can add animation in presentation by using slide transition and custom animation effects. These effects can help to animate the slide and its objects.

Custom animation

Custom animation is the list of animated effects that a user can apply to different selected objects on the slide during the slide show. 

Using custom animation

• Open the presentation
• select the image 
• In the Animation tab, click Custom Animation
• Custom Animation task pane appears
• Click add Effects⇾ Entrance⇾ Checkerboard
• Select the slide show button to view the full screen animation effects
  

Slide Transition

Slide transition is the movement from one slide to another in the slide show. A user can add sound, select the speed and style to the transition effects. 

Applying the sound effects

• On the animation tab, in the Transition to this Slide group, Click Transition sound
• Transition sound drop-down list appears
• Select the transition sound
  
• Setting speed of slide transition
  
• On the Animation tab in the Transition to this slide group, CLICK TRANSITION SPEED.
• Select the transition speed drop down list

Run a slide show

The presentation of all the slides created in PowerPoint one after another is known as slideshow. In the slide show in the full screen mode.

Slide Show

On the Slide Show tab in the start slide show group, click from the beginning

Slide show start from the first slide

 

                                                

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Gilgit-Baltistan | Elections 2020

Gilgit Baltistan free and fair elections:

Allah has blessed Gilgit Baltistan with very beautiful scene and places. These places of Gilgit Baltistan attract people towards them and everyone wants to visit that area. When one has visited that area, they want to come again and again to that area. Because its natural beauty attracts the visitors and also the tourist. Not from Pakistan but also from the other countries, people come here to visit this beautiful and God gifted place of Pakistan. Their dishes are also very delicious.

 

Imran khan is the prime minister of Pakistan. He is a brave leader and have all leadership qualities that should be present in a leader. All the states encouraged the Imran khan qualities and are inspired by Imran khan’s way of leading a nation. Prime minister Imran khan upright the economy of the nation that is going down day by day before his empowerment. Indeed, he is a great leader.

After the victory of his party in 2018 elections. All the parties targeted him and his party Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf, that this party is selected and won the elections illegally. That’s not true thing at all.

All the votes are genuine and are given by public to this party (PTI) so that they want change in this country. The slogan of Imran khan party is “change”. So public of the Pakistan vote to Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf (PTI) for changing the nation and rise the Pakistan worldwide like other famous countries.

By the grace of Almighty Allah, Pakistan grown better and achieved goals that people want to get in the leadership of Imran khan and they voted Imran khan for that.

Our textile industry now growing better and we are (Pakistan) now in better position worldwide. Our economic situation is also in our control now and we move towards betterment.

 Elections 2020 at Gilgit Baltistan:

Recently the elections of Gilgit Baltistan was held to choose the Chief minister of the Gilgit Baltistan. All the parties struggled hard to won the elections and Like other parties Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf also worked to won the elections. All the parties arrange the conventions and run the work campaigns to indulge the people to vote their party so that they won the elections and do leadership there.

 

This is also the part of every elections. Every party work hard to won the elections and their slogans are there at every part of the targeted area.

 

Similarly, the Pakistan people’s party done that and run their elections campaigns there and in each and every part of the area they arranged the “Jalsaas” chaired by Pakistan people party chairmen Bilawal Bhutto Zardari. They give massive speeches at every meeting and many promises were made by them (PPP) to the people of Gilgit Baltistan and they also promise to the people that they solve the issues of the people of Gilgit Baltistan and fulfilled there all needs and requirements. They resolve their basic problems and many new things are made by their party to raise beauty of their area.

Although this is a very beautiful place and all of its beauty is natural and are God gifted. Unlike Pakistan people’s party, Muslim league Nawaz (PML-N) also arranged meeting their and worked hard to won the elections. They arranged corner meetings their and tell the people that they resolve their issues also gives All the facilities to them that they do not have like internet, universities, gas etc.

 

The vice president of Pakistan muslin league (N) maryam Nawaz leads all the meeting of their party due to the illness his party (PML-N) chairman Nawaz sharif. She leads their party very bravely and run their party actively in each and every aspect and in all forms also. This is very good for their party.  They also run their slogans in each and every corner of Gilgit Baltistan and worked hard to won the elections of 2020 in the Gilgit Baltistan. They also made many promises to the people that they fulfilled in future after winning the elections.

PDM (Pakistan democratic movement) also made against the Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf government, in PDM all the parties are together and in one page to diminish this government. This is also in action at this election.

Unlike these parties many other parties also struggled hard to won the elections and made their government in Gilgit Baltistan. They also arranged corner meetings.

Also, the independent candidates worked hard and made their campaigns so that they won and lead. Many independent candidates run the campaign very strongly, with courage and bravery. They also arranged corner meetings and work hard to won the elections

          Unlike all these parties work to win also the Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf also work hard. The chairman of Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf Imran khan struggled hard and arranged corner meeting and also the ‘Jalsa’ like other parties. They also answer’s the opposition questions and also the allegations that they made on the Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf. Many candidates got the tickets from the Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf and they also struggled hard. PTI chairman Imran khan also chaired many meetings and work for their party also to win like in other provinces of Pakistan and in federal area. We all know that he is a brave person. They worked hard to grow the country and made the economy better.

15 November 2020

15 November 2020 was the election day of Gilgit Baltistan. And people had to choose their leader that is representative of their area at national forms and become the voice of their area. It was very cold in that day and many people come out to vote for their best candidate. Many people, young, old, man woman come out to the polling station to cast their vote and there was grate hustle and bustle out there. Every candidate polled their vote very peacefully this process has been done.

When the vote has casted then the counting of the vote started. When the result announced officially by the election commission the PTI won the elections with 10 seats and independent candidates are 7 that won the elections there are 2 seats of PML (N), and 3 seats of PPP.

So, Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf won this election of Gilgit Baltistan and made their government their also.

 

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Telescope | Spacecraft | Space exploration

Telescope is used to know about the space and to study the space objects since long. More technologies are developed now to study about the space such as Telescope, spectroscope, spacecraft etc. 

Telescope:

Telescope is the instrument which is used for observing distant objects. 

The first scientist who have invented telescope are Galileo in 1610. The telescope that are used in that days are not so big. But the telescope that are used now is so big than the past and are also heavy with different accessories. 

Types of telescope:

There are of following types of telescope.

• Refracting telescope 
• Reflecting telescope
  

Reflecting telescope:

The reflecting telescope consist of following parts 

• Large concave mirror
• Eyepiece
• A tube
  

Concave mirror is the objective mirror can reflects and coverages the light on eye-piece directly or through another reflecting mirror. The eye-piece magnifies the image formed by objective mirror. Reflecting telescope can be made much larger than the reflecting telescope and a better image is formed. 

 

Ground based telescope

There is another type of telescope exist which is called ground based telescope. In this dim light coming from stars passes through atmosphere and the image formed as a result of this are not cleared. 

Hubble Space telescope:

There are another telescope called Hubble space telescope. It is the first space-based reflecting telescope which is launched on 1990. It telescope orbits around the Earth at the height of 600km and this works all day and night actively. This telescope has been taken clean and clear picture of galaxies. Which are billions of kilometer away. 

Spectroscope:

The spectroscope is an instrument which is used to examine the different wavelength of light. The spectroscope splits different wavelength of light into different colors. The set of different colors obtained by this are called spectrum. 

Different color wavelength are also measured by spectrum. The light wavelength coming from the stars Helps scientists to know about compounds and elements that are present in the stars. The spectroscopes are mostly attached with the telescope. 

Spacecraft:

Spacecraft is the vehicle that are designed to travel in space. It is used for different purposes like communication, Earth's observation, meteorology, navigation, planetary exploration and transportation of human and cargo in space. 

Classes of spacecraft:

There are two major classes of spacecraft.

• Robotic space-craft
• Manned spacecraft
  

Robotic spacecraft:

This spacecraft are send into the space for collection of data about space, planets and other heavenly bodies such as asteroids. 

This spacecraft is controlled center id of the earth. 

Vayager I and Vayager II were the two robotic spacecrafts that are used to collect data from the mars and jupiter. 

Manned spacecraft:

This spacecraft carry human equipment's to the space. This space-craft are larger and have compartments in it that have facilities necessary for human survival such as oxygen, pressurized cabins, food, water and specially build bathrooms. This spacecraft have specially designed structure to protect from dangerous radiations that are in space. 

Space station:

A space-station is established in the space by carrying its many small parts in space and then assembling them there. This space station has more facilities for living in the space. This may have television for entertainment, bags, for sleeping, exercise machine and kitchen for fresh food. In such space station scientist performed experiments that cannot be formed or done on earth. due to its gravity. 

Now a days a large space station orbits arounds that earth. Russian, Americans and other scientists jointly works in the space station. This is called international space station. 

Space shuttle

Space shutter will send to the space with the help of rocket. The space shutter send scientists and equipment's. It is send to the station with the equipment and task is send to it. After performing its task it comes back to the earth like an Aeroplan. 

Space exploration:

Scientific study of space using specially developed technology is called space exploration. Common objectives for exploring space include advancing scientific knowledge, ensuring future survival of humanity and developing defense capabilities. 

Benefits of space exploration:

There are of following benefits of space exploration.

• Health and medicine
• Goble navigation
• Weather forecast and prediction of natural calamities
• Advanced electronics and computers
• Locating minerals, Fossil fuels and water reserves

Problems created by space exploration and their solutions:

• Space sickness
• Effects of weightlessness
• Conditions resulting from exposure radiations and many unwanted side effects

These are the problems created by space explorations.

• Hazards for space crew on mission are the main problem
• Skylab fell from its orbit to Earth in 1979.
• Space programs are very costly and cause burden to the economy.
  

Technological tools used in space exploration:

• Space rocket
• Rocket launching pad

Space rocket:

Space rockets are the transportation of space-crafts, space shuttle and space stations into the space.

Rocket launching space:

The sites from which rockets are launched into the space are called Rocket launching pads. These are the platforms for the firing rockets into the space.  They have extremely high temperature. 

Telecommunication system:

Rockets and space crafts are connected with the telecommunication system so that they have cloud in the space and have connection with the earth by earth station. 

Ground mission control station:

This receive and process the information from satellites to monitor and guide their motion in space. 

The main tasks are as follows

• Tracking
• Monitoring 
  

New technologies developed on the earth by space exploration:

There are of following new technologies developed for exploring space.

• Special type of metal alloys and ceramic materials developed for rocket engines and space shuttle can with stand with very high temperature and pressure.
• Solar cells were originally developed to provide electricity to spacecrafts
• In case of illness, astronauts have difficulty in swallowing medicine pills in space. Special medicine has develop for use in space. 
  
• Special sensor and computer were developed for monitoring the physical condition of astronauts such as pulse rate, blood pressure, blood sugar etc. 

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Habits | What are daily good habits?

Habit is a behavior that is continuously repeated and things occur again at regular interval of time. There are the habits that can hurt you or some of the habits are that that makes yourself happier. By setting our goals habits can also develop according to them. SO their is a need to be consistent and move with patience. 

Daily good habits:

There are of following good habits that everyone should have:

Spending time with your loved ones:

You should spend your time with the person that you want to spend time and you feel better when you spend your time with the person you want to talk with or love to talk.

Spend your time in a best way that you want and do things that makes you feels happy. This is because you know better yourself that what makes you feels good no one else knows better than you about your feeling and emotions.

Writing three things that you are grateful for in the morning:

Write the daily routine or plan your routine in such a way that you want to spend time a good way. The things you wat to do in the next day and the meeting of the people also planned. So that to spend an organized day, I n this way you are more confident to talk to others and have pre-planned every thing.

Writing is a very good habit unlike reading because it give you opportunity to express the feeling in better way and any read about your writing and understand about yourself and your feeling also your habits.

Taking a cold shower:

You should take bath every that so that your mind and your body become fresh and you feel much better to talk with others. You feel that you spend a happy day when your are fresh and wash yourself.

 By Taking shower you feels that you are neat and clean also you try to keep your surrounding also neat and clean. This also keeps your mind fresh and you will become active and also attractive member of society. In the world people always welcome a healthy thinkers and attractive members into a society.  

Scribbling down your thoughts and ideas in the journal:

Think about the discussion that you have made with others. Judge about yourself and try to correct your weak points to become successful in the future.

As a good person you will also become a journal, learns about the things that happens around yourself. Then raise voice for the people around yourself as a journal.

Meditating and exercising:

The mediation and exercising is also the good habit. By doing exercise mind becomes fresh and mentally a person feels good. 

Greeting at least one stranger on the street:

When someone greet a person at street or a any other public place, he feels good to see other and talk with them about social issues or any other topic that he want to talk. Solve the problems of the people and help to other people if he help them. In simple words greeting with other people makes  us to feels happy and develop a good habits of meeting others and listen to others.

Reading a book or newspaper:

When we spend our spare time in reading, it develop habit of reading. We read daily news paper and also read books. By reading newspaper we can read about different social issues. Problems of the country, achievement of our country, read about cricket and other things. In this way we become aware of everything happens at our surrounding. Books are the great friends of a person. When we indulge into a habit of learning we learns about different things and got the answer of many questions. We learns about the history and the ancient people history. Their bravery tell us and also teaches us many things we can apply their methods to spend life and issues into our life also

Planning in advance for the next day:

We should develop a habit of plane our next day in advance. This is also a good habit. This habit makes us to pre-plan our things and move forward.

By planning, we become a good member of society because when plan something we get also start planning about that. we can do research abut that and got every kind of information that are necessary also we can apply to that information in practically to our lives.

Drinking 2 liters of water daily:

We should drink water at regular interval of time. Water is the important part of our life. It is vey essential for our body. About 2 liter of water is required to work our body for proper functioning. Our brain require 20% water from our body. When our body remain fit then we will be able to work properly and play our role as an important part of society. So this is also a good habit.

Keeping the social media usage minimum:

By using social media we will be able to connect the world and raise the social issues and raise voice against the wrong things happens at our society and appreciate the good things happens at our society. 

Social media also carry the information that are nor true and are based on assumption. So before doing proper inquiry about any news or information we do not take any action because it cause a lose to us.

Laughing and making others laugh:

We should enjoy our day by making fun at some moments of the day. This fun may have a type of jokes and fun games etc. This is also a good habit at some extent.

Do not spend your life by always remaining a serious member of society because it is not good for health also. Our body require some energy by spending time at free from all hurdles and worries. So, do some activities that refreshes our mind and make us laugh. Its also approved by research that more laughing is also a sign of good health.

Wearing neat and tidy clothes:

By wearing dress neat and clean we will be able to look decent and nice. For developing a good personality this is also necessary. This is a good habit of keeping ourselves neat and clean. We should also keep our surrounding clean and not spread the dirt or garbage everywhere around us.

Visualizing your future and recalling your dreams before you fall asleep:

Before going to sleep our bed we should remind our whole day. Remind ourselves that what we have done in that way. What are the things that are wrong and what are the good things done by us are good. This habit makes our life perfect and we will be mentally comfortable with our life.

Affirming good things about yourself:

Point out the good things that are happened in a day by yourself. Then you should keep in mind that thing and move forward and improves your life by making good changes in life.

Spend some time for thinking that what is good are habits of you and in them what are good and what are not good. By doing this activity you can judge yourself more better and make good decisions.

Getting adequate 6–7 hours of sleep:

 

Make a time table of sleeping. whenever you have make a time your health automatically becomes good and mind become also fresh and have better thinking ability. 

Sleeping for  6 to 7 hours in a day makes the mind and your body healthy wealthy and wise also. You will perform your duties more actively by doing all these activities that keeps you healthy like take a proper sleep and make time table.

Conclusion

So, these are some of the daily good habits. Habits are of any king there may be good or bad depending on the nature that which one you have adapted. To make good and useful member if society Good habits are to be adapted.

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Moral development | Factors affecting moral development

Moral development develop a sense of right and wrong in a child. It is a set of principles or ideas that help the individual to distinguish right or wrong and to act on this distinction. Morality principle guide how people should treat one another with respect to Justice, others right and welfare. 

Their are moral components exists:

1-cognitive components

2-Emotional component

3-Behavioral component

Factors affecting moral development:

There are following factors that affect the moral development of an individual.

Family:

Family environment plays an important role in the moral development of a child. It is the duty of parents to develop good habits in their children and stop them doing bad things. Parents show acceptance or the rejections of their kids actions. It does not means they do not love with their child. It shows that they love their child the most and they want to develop in them good habits. Parents also tell their child about the difference between right and wrong. This also develop in their child a good moral character. Morally their minds become strong and they know about the good things and the bad things about that are happened in their surrounding. So they keep themselves save from them and be an important part of their society. They also raise their voices to support the good things and also appreciate them. Parents develop in their child a habit of praising and appreciating good things. Those things which parents do not allow their child to do, keep away from them because that thing is not good for them. 

Parents who discipline their child by discussing the consequences of their actions produce children who have better moral development , compared to children whose parents use authoritarian methods and punishment.

Simon Baron-Cohen

School:

Most of the habits in a child are developed in schools. In schools children make their habits, make friends and develop emotions about others. Schools is a place where children learn a lot of things. Their minds becomes sharpen by learning things and attending daily lecture. Moral concepts also develop in schools. A child get concepts about the good things and the bad things as a result of relationship and attachment with their class fellows, with their teachers and their senior student. Children participate in events at schools and express their talent and gain confidence. Most of the students are that learns in schools more actively than at home. They learns by discussion or by cooperative learning schools and gain the answer of their question's. 

Peer group:

Children accepts the ideas of their classmates and their companions. They have tendency that they learns with their companions more better than at home. 

When most of the people present in an area their have much knowledge and bundles of summation and conclusions of the matters. Everyone shares about their experience and give suggestions about any kind of thing. Their is also cluster of knowledge. Anyone wants to get answer about any question just ask that question and everyone is ready to answer that and you can get your answer in a best possible way. 

Age:

Age is an important source in making moral concepts and moral behavior. As an individual develop from a kid to adult , the becomes open minded towards certain ideals which do not fit their nature. By times a child improves themselves and become serious about life and making ideals by experiences and by hardworking. 

There is difference of thinking in every age group. If anyone has one thinking about any matter than the other person of different age group have other thinking about the same situation or matter. So this is due to age difference.

Gender:

Another important factor of moral development is gender. Girls have other kind of sense they are conscious about their things whereas boys have other kind of sense. They are free to do anything. They are aggressive also than girls. Now a days this difference does not matter, people are become more mature and liberal also. They know their rights and raise the voice to get their basic rights. All are equal and the state gives the equal rights to everyone. Every one also has liberty or freedom to spend their life as they want to spend. 

conclusion:

In conclusion, we can say that moral development is an complicated process in which interaction with other people and surrounding plays an important role. Morally every individual should be strong because their is no value of people which are not morally strong. This include mental strength, physically strengthen also internally strong person. 

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Philosophy | Branches of philosophy

According to WINDELBAND, Philosophy is "the critical science of universal values." and according to John Dewey, "whenever philosophy has been taken seriously, it has always been assumed that it signified achieving a wisdom that would influence the conduct of life." Edgar S. Brightman Philosophy is "a critical method of approaching experience rather a body of conclusion about experience." According to Herbert Spencer, philosophy is concerned with everything as a universal science. According to Roy Wood Sellars, Our subject is the collection of science, such as theory of knowledge, logic, cosmology, ethics and aesthetics as well as unified survey. 

Branches of philosophy:

There are of various branches of philosophy

Epistemology:- 

It is the most fundamental branch of philosophy. It also discusses philosophical truth, falsehood, validity of knowledge, limits of knowledge and nature of knowledge, known and unknown etc.

Philosophy of science:-

This is also the branch of philosophy which is concerned with philosophical examination of postulate and conclusion of different sciences. 

Semantics:-

This is the most important branch of philosophy. According to Shivendra (2006) "It is concerned with determination of meanings of different words used in different languages."

Metaphysics:-

It is the study of existence, reality or essence.

Branches of metaphysics: 

There are following branches of metaphysics. 

Cosmogony, cosmology, ontology, philosophy of self, Eschatology

Cosmogony:-

It is the study of creation.

Cosmology:-

The main problem of cosmology are: Is the world one or it many, or is it both one and many?

Ontology:-

It is the study of ultimate reality.

Philosophy of self:-

It is the study of philosophical analysis of self.

Eschatology:-

It is the discussion of the condition of soul after death. 

Axiology:-

It is the branch of philosophy which concerns with philosophiclly studies value. 

Branches of Axiology:

There are following branches of Axiology.

Ethics:-

It involves in the discussion of the criteria of write and wrong. 

Aesthetic:-

This discuss the nature and criteria of beauty. 

Logic studies truth:

It includes the discussion of methods of judgement, types of proposition, hypothesis, defination, comparision, division, classification and fundamental laws of thoughts, etc. 

Philosophies of social science:-

This give birth to different branches of philosophy

The branches are as follows:

Philosophies of education:-

• Aim of education
  
• Basic philosophical problems
  

Social philosophy:-

Philosophical examination of postulates and conclusion of different sciences.

Political philosophy:

• forms of government
• forms of state
• basic problems arising in the political field
  

Philosophy of History:-

This philosophy is nature of  historical process. Its purpose and relation with cosmic process. 

Philosophy of economics:-

Aim of man economic activities and fundamental problems arising in the economic field

These are the main branches of philosophy

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